In this work, which for the first time described the geography of the entire inhabited world as it was then known, Eratosthenes of Kyrene (ca. establishing a center of the study of marine science and navigation on Portugal What did Eratosthenes of Cyrene contribute to marine science and why is it important? He also made a chart with the chronology of the Egyptian kings of Thebes, wrote about the conquests of Alexander the Great, and made a description of Greece at that time. Prince Henry the navigators contribution to ocean exploration included? A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. Eratosthenes (c. 276194 bce), who had prepared a map of the Nile valley southward to the latitude of modern Khartoum, anticipated the correct answer when he reported that heavy rains had been observed to fall in the upper reaches of the river and that these History at your fingertips Oceanography Chapter 1 Oceanography Oceanus would be a better name for Earth, since oceans cover 70% surface (most major cities, resources, etc. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. are near the ocean) Life began in the ocean 4 billion years before present Stayed there for over 3 billion years before venturing out onto the surface Take notes about his accomplishments. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. He may have measured the distances from Earth to both the Moon and to the Sun, but the historical accounts of both deeds are rather cryptic. Some time ago he had gone blind from cataracts and is believed to have committed suicide by starvation. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (/ r t s n i z /; Greek: [eratostns]; c. 276 BC - c. 195/194 BC) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he . Oceanography ch2 questionWho is responsible for the first measurement of the circumference of the earth? Definition. He divided the earth into 5 climatic zones: the frozen poles, under them two temperate zones and in the center a tropical belt that bordered the equator. He was called Pentathlos, a title given to those who were victors in the five tests of the Olympic games, because he dedicated himself to cultivating all areas of knowledge. He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. What Is The Contributions Of Eratosthenes? - On Secret Hunt [1] However, his Geography has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny, Polybius, Strabo, and Marcianus. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. Eratosthenes knew from readings he had taken in Alexandria that during the summer solstice in Siena, at noon the sun was just overhead. [23] Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. He was a follower of Aristotle in his belief about the spherical shape of the Earth which he considered to be placed in the centre of the universe. Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. . What Is Fast Acquisition Corp. . He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. With these data (length of the shadow and length of the rod), Eratosthenes calculated the angle of the sun's rays in 1/50 of a circumference. Text Questions - Review Questions 1. What did Eratosthenes Christopher Columbus was one of those who studied the work of Eratosthenes. However, his contributions to the study of the earth gave him the title of father of geography. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. His prime number sieve made it simple for Greek mathematicians (and now-frustrated modern students!) Business Opportunities (5) . Ocean Exploration & Ancient Greece | Study.com Also with one of his students, Aristn de Chios, of whom he wrote a biography. (Of the measurements of the Earth). He also calculated the tilt axis of the Earth. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. % complete Earth was considered as the centre of the universe, around which revolved the seven planets. in. G. Argoud, J.Y. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. He also dedicated to Eratosthenes The method. Eratosthenes was a man of many talents. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. It is used naval and aviation industries. Some people believe that Eratosthenes starved himself to death on purpose after going blind. As a young man, he traveled to Athens to pursue his studies. Eratosthenes was afflicted by blindness in his old age, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation. Plato as "Architect of Science". 4. When you multiply by wall height, you get CFM. Marcotte, D. (1998). Contribution of Arabs in the Field of Geography - Your Article Library II. Eratosthenes used longitude in his maps, though the lines were placed irregularly so that they could pass through important landmarks. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to . This, so it happens, and when seeing the offering, someone says: this is the work of the Cyrenean Eratosthenes. A) discovery of a trade route from Europe around the African continent to India B) the introduction of latitude and longitude lines on maps of the world C) a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet The 200-foot ship was three-masted, square-rigged, and built of wood. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude . The geometry of the situation is sketched at the right. What is the contribution of Eratosthenes in geography? He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. After these experiences, he became disenchanted with philosophy and decided to dedicate himself to poetry. Eratosthenes is named for the ancient Greek who first estimated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC. #1 Vasco da Gama linked Europe and Asia through an ocean route for the first time The Age of Discovery was a period of global exploration that started in the early 15th century and was primarily initiated by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. What are the most common nonsilicate, Your floor (length x width) can be used to calculate your square footage. Isaac, Benjamin. Who succeeded Eratosthenes as the chief librarian of Alexandria? . Geography consisted of eight volumes. Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he always came in second in all his endeavours. And afterwards, Uranio Zeus, may the scepter of your hand guide it. During his life Eratosthenes was a lover of knowledge in all its areas. Who is father of geography in India? [9] He wrote poems: one in hexameters called Hermes, illustrating the god's life history; and another in elegiacs, called Erigone, describing the suicide of the Athenian maiden Erigone (daughter of Icarius). Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. The course consists of an extensive examination of physical and cultural factors that contribute to and produce the variable character of the earth's surface and a discussion of the significance of . Definition. At the age of about 50 he returned to Alexandria and soon became director of the Library. What was Eratosthenes greatest achievement? There he first coined the term "geography" and used his discoveries regarding the size and shape of the earth to represent it. Eratosthenes was also interested in history and created a chronology of the world from the siege of Troy to his time, taking as references the dates that appeared in literature and in political writings. 175 km 4. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. He calculated the size of the Earth using geometry and ratios based on sun observations. The technology geographers and other scientists use to study the physical and cultural environments spatially and over time is with geospatial technology. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music.[9]. Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. Geography is the study of Earths natural environment and human society, as well as how society and nature interact. Eratosthenes - GIS Wiki | The GIS Encyclopedia Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. "Zeno and Stoic Consistency," in Phronesis. He remained the librarian for about 40 years till his death. He used as a basis the ecliptic movement, that is, the movement of the sun observed by the apparent changes of the same from the earth. Eratosthenes analyzed the observations with the assumption that the earth is a sphere and the sun is very far away. Cyrene was absorbed into the Ptolemaic monarchy of Egypt, which ruled from Alexandria, the cultural and commercial center of the Mediterranean. 22, No. Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. Eratosthenes was an Ancient Greek scientist born in the town of Cyrene in about 276 BC. [6] His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. It is not known when he wrote his works, but they highlighted his abilities. environment that offers balanced, up-to-date coverage of geology, oceanography, astronomy, and meteorology. What were Eratosthenes major achievements? Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. He says Alexander ignored his advisers by his regard for all people with law and government. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. : 3373 , 02-3298322 A . OCEANOGRAPHY EXAM 1 Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet The famous geographer and chief librarian at Alexandria Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE - 194 BCE) also referenced Pytheas in a treatise that, like On the Ocean, has been lost but that was widely circulated in the ancient world. Contribution of Greeks to Mathematical and Physical Geography! History of Oceanography, Number 16 - University of Puget Sound Unfortunately, other than a few scraps, little remains of Eratosthenes original work. [20] He placed grids of overlapping lines over the surface of the Earth. The city of Cyrene had spent an independent period from Egypt until the marriage between Ptolemy III and Berenice, the daughter of Magas, governor of that city. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how telepresence technology was used by oceanographers in the field to assess and analyze three shipwrecks and numerous artifacts discovered during exploratory expeditions of the submerged plateau known as Eratosthenes Seamount (Fig. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. [17] In his three-volume work Geography (Greek: Geographika), he described and mapped his entire known world, even dividing the Earth into five climate zones:[18] two freezing zones around the poles, two temperate zones, and a zone encompassing the equator and the tropics. [6] Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the art of poetry under Callimachus. This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." Greeks-create Maps of Med. He invented a system of longitude and latitude and made a map of the known world. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt, commissioned Eratosthenes to run the Library of Alexandria, which became the most important center of knowledge in the region. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. Arab Contributions To Geography And Navigation - Arab America He was born in 271 BC in Cyrene, which is now known as Libya, in North Africa. *Egyptians utilized the Nile River and created a commerce based on ship-based trade (4000 BC). Earlier estimates of the circumference of Earth had been made (for example, Aristotle says that some mathematicians had obtained a value of 400,000 stadia), but no details of their methods have survived. Eratosthenes experiment was highly regarded at the time, and his estimate of the Earths size was accepted for hundreds of years afterwards. Eratosthenes is famous for making the first good measurement of the size of the Earth. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. He noted that the Suns rays fell vertically at noon in Syene (now Aswn), Egypt, at the summer solstice. wikipedia.en/History_of_geophysics.md at main - github.com He was the chief librarian of the Great Library of Alexandria. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. The Greeks not only extended the horizon of geography from the Aegean Sea to Spain and Gaul, the Russian steppes in Central Asia, the Indus river in the east and Ethiopia in the south, but also put the subject on a sound footing by making remarkable contributions in the field of mathematical, physical, historical and regional geography. He did not use the mythological descriptions that were common at the time, but relied on military texts to carry out his work. is credited for two important contributions to oceanography: 1. He accurately depicted the Niles route to Khartoum, as well as the two Ethiopian tributaries. Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Although Eratosthenes method was well founded, the accuracy of his calculation was inherently limited. Zihuatanejo Beach Shawshank, Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. However, it was in geography where he proved to be more skillful for he was one of the greatest of all ancient geographers. James Rennell has been dubbed the Father of Indian Geography, as well as the Father of Oceanography for his pioneering work on oceanography. Eratosthenes' Geography | Princeton University Press Oceanography - National Geographic Society Despite the fact that in Greek times young people from wealthy families had more access to education, there were male academies. Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Thu, the different type of pecialized text will vary according to the ubject and p All Rights Reserved warbletoncouncil.org - 2023. how do floodplains jeopardize the livelihoods of agricultural workers. What superannuation contributions are reportable? The circumference of the Earth was measured by Eratosthenes. They also built a ship know as the Knarr. Eratosthenes was the first person to use the word "geography" and other geographical terms that are still in use today, and his efforts to calculate the circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Earth to the Sun paved the way for our modern understanding of the cosmos. He calculated the Earths circumference. He first studied with Zeno at the school of the Stoics. Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. His prime number sieve provided a simple way for Greek mathematicians (and frustrated modern students!) Updates? Eratosthenes - He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. All Categories. However, he never wanted to specialize in a single subject, for which some reproached him. The word geography may have been coined by Eratosthenes. For other uses, see. Required fields are marked *. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. He uses the angles of shadows and the distance between Alexandria and Syene to arrive at a value of 24,855 miles (40,000 kilometers). Eratosthenes was called The Father Of Geography, since he was very knowledgeable about the earth. 2, 1977. _____ includes the study of the earth at History of Oceanography TIMELINE Print PDF Zoom Out Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. Trigonometry in the modern sense began with the Greeks. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 FAQS Clear - All Rights Reserved About 150 years later, Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. One of the Greeks primary contributions to oceanography and seafaring is the latitude/longitude system. The nematode They are a group of animal that are characterized by having a cylindrical body, without egmentation. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. Greek Scholar's Work Shows Usefulness of Measurement. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. Your email address will not be published. Pacific Ocean- Largest, deepest, lots of islands and seamounts. Geographers look at both the physical properties of the Earths surface and the human societies that live on it. Plutarch's similar discussion claiming that Alexander ignored. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today.[1]. (40,000 miles). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In his work Geographika, Eratosthenes described and made maps of the known territories. Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. Hermes It was one of his works, in which he addressed the life of the god, and another was named Erigone. To calculate the circumference of the earth Eratosthenes used a method that has been used until our time, this consists of measuring a meridian. It starts with 2 and all the numbers that are multiples of that first digit are crossed out, then the same is done with the next number that is not crossed out and so on. Eratosthenes made many important contributions to science and mathematics. He visited Egypt and numerous places in South-West Asia, Greece, and the island in the Mediterranean Sea. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. NASA - Eratosthenes Crater and the Lunar Timescale III. History of Oceanography TIMELINE PDF Image Zoom Out. Your email address will not be published. Contribution of Greek Scholar in Geography Full Notes for UGC NET [6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. He expanded the library's holdings: in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication. Eratosthenes followed in the footsteps of other academics in his city and trained with Lysanias, an expert in grammar. Ptolemy III was not moved only by his interest in the work of Eratosthenes, but also by political motives. Contribution of Greeks in the Field of Geography - Your Article Library They made the earliest form of navigational or oceanographic map, called stick charts. He invented Syene (near today's Aswan) is located some 800 km up the Nile river from Alexandria very close to the tropic of Cancer (2327'N), so at the time of the summer solstice the Sun's rays fall vertically down on Syrene at noon. Eratosthenes went to Alexandria and found out that the light hit the earth at an angle of 7.2 degrees. The measurement of the Sun-Earth distance, now called the astronomical unit (804,000,000 stadia, 1 stadion varies from 157 to 209 meter). Thales, the philosopher, is credited with laying the groundwork for geography research. He accepted the three continents (Europe, Asia, and Libya) and five climatic zones (one torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones), [2] The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. Eratosthenes - World History Encyclopedia Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. [2], Eratosthenes believed there was both good and bad in every nation and criticized Aristotle for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and barbarians, as well as for arguing that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure. Shcheglov, D.A. At this time Eratosthenes took advantage of his position and the access to the information he had to learn about the most diverse subjects. It is believed that it was Eratosthenes' fame as a poet that attracted the attention of Ptolemy III Evergetes, who called him to Alexandria to tutor his son, as well as offering him a position as director of the city library. What happened to most of the information accumulated there? What did eratosthenes contribute to geography? - TipsFolder.com Was In God We Trust Always In The Constitution? Ptolemy is known for his three scholarly works: the Almagest which focused on astronomy and geometry, the Tetrabiblos which focused on astrology, and, most importantly, Geography which advanced geographic knowledge. Trigonometry can be used to roof a house, to make the roof inclined ( in the case of single individual bungalows) and the height of the roof in buildings etc. However, it was in geography where he proved to be more skillful for he was one of the greatest of all ancient geographers. He was also of the opinion that the spread of the world from west to east is more than from north to south. Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time, and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library. Eratosthenes is said to have coined the term geography in Ancient Greece. Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was an Ancient Greek scientist and philosopher who did work in astronomy, geometry, geography, mathematics, as well as poetry and history. Eratosthenes noted that at Alexandria, at the same date and time, sunlight fell at an angle of about 7.2 from the vertical. Eratosthenes also calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon and to the Sun, but with less accuracy. He made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that included 675 stars. He created a longitude and latitude system, as well as a map of the world. Was the father of geography? Explained by Sharing Culture He became famous for being the first to calculate, with considerable precision, the circumference of the earth. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth. Using the precise data that Tycho had collected, Kepler discovered that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse. George Syncellus was later able to preserve from Chronographies a list of 38 kings of the Egyptian Thebes. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician with a strong interest in geography. Notable explorations were undertaken by the Greeks, the Romans, the Polynesians, the Phoenicians, Phytheas, Herodotus, the Vikings, the Portuguese and Muslims. Digital Radiography Technique, He was the first prose writer. Accomplishments - Eratosthenes - Weebly In addition to calculating Earths circumference, Eratosthenes created the Sieve of Eratosthenes (a procedure for finding prime numbers), tried to fix the dates of literary and political events since the siege of Troy, and is thought to have created the armillary sphere (an early astronomical device for representing the great circles of the heavens). It is thought that Eratosthenes may also have been a pupil of Callimachus. Eratosthenes died in his 80s in Alexandria, Egypt. 2011. Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. He set the circumference measurement at 252,000 stadia, which is approximately 39,691 kilometers. Despite not having a prominent ancestry, Eratosthenes did come from a city that had achieved recognition by the men who were born in it. He calculated the circumference of the Earth to be about 252,000 stadi which is equal to about 24,662 miles. Due to the increased risk of food poisoning, eating this popular, Petra was ecstatic over Jane and Rafaels happy ending during the series finale, fearing that she would never find love again. Eratosthenes calculates circumference of Earth, invents latitude and longitude 230 B.C. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. Arabs were highly influenced by the Greek ideas about the shape and size of the earth. Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. Menu. in Cyrene, a Greek city located in North Africa, in what is now the lands of Libya. Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. 2. His major work is 'Ges-periods' which is the first systematic description of the world. "Eratosthenes." Arsinoe (a biography of Queen Arsinoe, wife and sister of Ptolemy IV). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He greatly overestimated the West to East distance from the Westernmost part of Europe to the Eastern extremity of the ekumene (the habitable calculated the Earths circumference and invented the first lattitude/longitude system a system of imaginary lines on the Earth, used for navigation and mapping. They had a keen sense of ocean currents and variations in bird and sea life in different places in the Pacific. First maps showing water (river charts) 3800 B.C. Unfortunately, there are no documents left of his work after the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. Despite this, he did not believe in those projections, but in Toscanelli's, which stated that the earth was a third smaller.